区域大气污染联防联控的理论与方法分析

区域性、复合型大气污染是中国目前以及今后一段时期内所面临的主要大气污染问题,但我国现行"属地"特征的环境管理制度无法满足区域性、复合型大气污染所需要的合作解决问题的要求,因此亟需建立区域大气污染联防联控机制。本文探讨了区域大气污染联防联控的理论基础,并着重讨论了我国实施区域联防联控的技术与方法,包括联防联控区域划分方法、区域大气环境问题控制技术、区域总量控制目标确定与分配方法及区域大气污染联防联控保障体系等。     

Self-ignition tendency of solid fuels: A gas emissions approach for early detection

Self-ignition of solid fuels storage is one of the main causes of human and economic losses. Additionally, each fire caused by this phenomenon emits an amount of toxic gases that contributes on the development of climate change. Nowadays, several methodologies are used in order to detect the self-ignition tendency of solid fuels, but they have as main disadvantages the amount of money and time that they require. The aim of this study is to propose a methodology of detection of incipient self-ignition of solid fuels through the measurement of gas emissions. This study compares existing methodologies to detect self-ignition tendency, such as TG, DSC or susceptibility, and to combustion related gas emission results. Different methods have been used to evaluate the results from the gas emission test, showing that interval and inflexion methods provide early detection of the self-heating process. With this methodology, it is possible to determine this process in advance with the equipment currently available in every industrial facility, reducing costs and improving efficiency.     

夏季广州城区细颗粒物PM_(2.5)和PM_(1.0)中水溶性无机离子特征

于2008年7月1～31日在广州城区每天采集PM2.5和PM1.0样品.利用离子色谱分析了样品中Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F-、Cl-、NO3-和SO24-等9种离子组分质量浓度,并同步收集气象因子、大气散射系数、大气能见度以及SO2、NO2、O3气体污染物质量浓度等数据.结果表明,PM2.5和PM1.0中水溶性无机离子总浓度分别为(25.5±10.9)μg·m-3和(22.7±10.5)μg·m-3,分别占PM2.5和PM1.0质量浓度的(47.9±4.3)%和(49.3±4.3)%.SO42-占PM2.5和PM1.0中质量浓度百分比最高,分别为(25.8±4.0)%和(27.5±4.5)%.较高的温度和O3浓度有利于SO24-的生成,较高相对湿度有利于NO3-的生成.PM2.5和PM1.0中亲水性较强的SO42-、NH4+和NO3-对散射系数和能见度影响较大.     

亚运时段广州大气污染物来源数值模拟研究

利用嵌套网格空气质量预报模式系统(Nested Air Quality Prediction Model System,NAQPMS)研究2006年亚运时段广州的空气质量状况,同时结合污染源追踪方法,分析珠三角各城市的源排放对广州全市、广州二环以内市区、广州6个亚运加强观测站的污染物浓度贡献.结果表明,NAQPMS模式能较好地反映广州各污染物(NO2、SO2、PM10)浓度的变化;广州全市、广州市区、6个亚运加强观测站的污染物最主要来源于本地排放,而周边城市以东莞的贡献最大.3个源受体中,广州市区受本地排放的影响最显著,来自本地的NO2、SO2、PM10的月均贡献率分别为89.5%、75.4%、86.7%;东莞则对6个亚运加强观测站的影响最为突出,其NO2、SO2、PM10的月均贡献率达9.3%、23.8%、21.7%,而日最大贡献率高达19.3%、40.2%、48.7%.因此在大力削减广州本地污染排放的同时,对周边城市特别是东莞实施区域联防联控,将能有效改善亚运场馆附近的空气质量.     

Evaluation of mercury speciation and removal through air pollution control devices of a 190 MW boiler

Air pollution control devices (APCDs) are installed at coal-fired power plants for air pollutant regulation. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems have the co-benefits of air pollutant and mercury removal. Configuration and operational conditions of APCDs and mercury speciation a ect mercury removal e ciently at coal-fired utilities. The Ontario Hydro Method (OHM) recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was used to determine mercury speciation simultaneously at five sampling locations through SCR-ESP-FGD at a 190 MW unit. Chlorine in coal had been suggested as a factor a ecting the mercury speciation in flue gas; and low-chlorine coal was purported to produce less oxidized mercury (Hg2+) and more elemental mercury (Hg0) at the SCR inlet compared to higher chlorine coal. SCR could oxidize elemental mercury into oxidized mercury when SCR was in service, and oxidation e ciency reached 71.0%. Therefore, oxidized mercury removal e ciency was enhanced through a wet FGD system. In the non-ozone season, about 89.5%–96.8% of oxidized mercury was controlled, but only 54.9%–68.8% of the total mercury was captured through wet FGD. Oxidized mercury removal e ciency was 95.9%–98.0%, and there was a big di erence in the total mercury removal e ciencies from 78.0% to 90.2% in the ozone season. Mercury mass balance was evaluated to validate reliability of OHM testing data, and the ratio of mercury input in the coal to mercury output at the stack was from 0.84 to 1.08.     

Organochlorine compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment from Baiyangdian Lake, North China： Concentrations, sources profiles and potential risk

Organochlorine pesticides(OCPs),polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs),and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were determined in nineteen surface sediment samples collected from Baiyangdian Lake and its inflowing river(Fuhe River) in North China.Total concentrations of OCPs,PCBs and PAHs in sediments ranged from 5.4 to 707.6 ng/g,2.3 to 197.8 ng/g,and 101.3 to 6360.5 ng/g,respectively.The levels of contaminants in Fuhe River were significantly higher than those in Baiyandian Lake.For hexachlorocyclohexane(HCHs) and dichlorodiphenytrichloroethanes(DDTs),α-HCH and p,p-DDT were predominant isomers;while for PCBs,PCB 28/31,PCB 40/103,PCB 60,PCB 101,and PCB 118 were predominant congeners.Possible sources derived from historical usage for OCPs and incomplete combustion fuel,wood,and coal and exhaustion of boats or cars for PAHs.Risk assessment of sediment indicated that sediments in Fuhe River were likely to pose potential biological adverse impact.     

山西省阳泉市大气环境质量数值模拟

根据山西省阳泉市南煤集团西上庄煤电一体化项目的总体要求,拟用中尺度气象模式MM5耦合大气污染模式CALPUFF,对评价区域2005年4月的大气环境进行数值模拟。通过综合模式系统的模拟发现:该地污染源的排放对阳泉空气质量起决定作用;对SO2的平均浓度贡献为47.05μg/m3,对PM10的平均浓度贡献为20.37μg/m3。本地点源的排放对SO2的影响相对较大;对SO2平均浓度的贡献可达36.93μg/m3。该地面源排放对PM10的影响相对较大,对PM10平均浓度的贡献为14.63μg/m3。外地点源排放对阳泉大气环境的影响较小,但在某些过程中外地点源排放的污染物通过区域输送对阳泉的空气质量也会造成一定的影响。     

晋江市区空气污染事件与气象因子的关系初探

通过普查2006～2007年晋江市区空气质量等级达Ⅲ级以上的污染天气事件,统计分析了PM10浓度变化与气象要素变化的相关关系,分析研究了空气污染事件与天气现象、降水、地面风、地面气压场及天气形势的内在关系,可以发现,产生空气污染事件的有利气象条件为:24小时内气压下降,气温和水汽压升高;雾霾有露的天气;暖区降水前后及弱雷雨天气;地面均压场,主导风向偏南或偏东,平均风力一般为1～2级,最大风力不超过4级;入海高压后部、地面高压减弱变性、暖区辐合的天气形势。     

污染减排对城市降水和环境空气质量的影响

文章以2005～2008年湖南省二氧化硫、烟尘和工业粉尘的减排情况以及城市环境空气质量监测结果为基础,分析了大气污染减排对湖南省城市降水和城市环境空气质量的影响,阐述了大气污染减排取得的环境效益,为湖南省下一步的污染减排和环境管理政策及措施的制定提供了依据。     

MOBILE计算中国机动车CO排放因子时的计算年确定

在使用MOBILE计算机动车排放因子时,一个较为重要的计算参数——计算年,在美国是根据实际年份来确定的,但是由于我国机动车排放发展水平与美国的不同,其值的确定是比较困难的关键问题。文章利用我国的实测机动车排放因子数据,在同等条件下使用MOBILE计算排放因子,并与道路实测数据对比,得到不同测试年份对应的MOBILE计算年,从而回归出使用MOBILE计算机动车排放因子的计算年公式。在今后利用MOBILE计算机动车排放时,可以方便的使用公式得到对应的MOBILE计算年,从而提高计算的精确度。